Key Elements Of Information System Information Technology Essay

Key Elements Of Information System Information Technology Essay The task has been assigned to me by my college which is the ABP awarding body certification requirement. I have completed the assignment after a thorough study of various sources such as books, journals and websites. OBJECTIVES: Describe the concept of Information Based System in organization. Describe how Information System works in organization. Describe the various types of Information Systems by breath of support. Identify the major Informational Systems that support each organisational level. Literature Review: 1) Information: Any raw data that is organized and verified to be accurate and timely for any purpose and presented within a context that gave it meaning and relevance and it leads to increase in understanding and decrease uncertainty. 1.1) Information System: When people utilize information or organizations by using technologies gather, process, store, use and disseminate information uses. Information System (IS) is a system that gave the information necessary for managers and management to run an organization effectively. IS and the information it gives are essential components of reasonable business decisions. Information industries help in providing growth in most economies of business. Every organization achieved it success on the bases of there information system. Due to change in technology and globalization of markets many industries are now trying to develop and improve there information system because they emphasizes on there information. Information system is not just a computer system but information and communication technology play a vital role in helping the organization to fulfill it needs. Information system refers to the system of people, data and activities both computer-based and manual that effectively gathers, process store and disseminate organization information. It is important to maintain the information system in organization and adopt new approaches for improvement in the development, use and reviews of IS system with in the organization must be an ongoing process of both bank management and OCC examiners. Every IS have clearly defined framework of guidelines, procedures policies and standards for different organizations. It should be fallowed by any organization for the development of its system and also to maintain and use all information where it necessary. Information System is used and viewed by all Management Levels. It helps the organization and supports them in long term strategic goals and objectives. It helps in financial accounting systems that are used to maintained control on all financial record keeping activities. Every organization should designed there Information System to achieve the following goals. Improve communication among employees. Deliver all complex and important material through out the institution. Provide a system for recording and processing information. Reduce all expanses related to labor, material and other activities. Help in achieving organization strategic goals and objective and provide direction. Organization a) Customers b) Retailers c) Employers Technology Websites Internets Collaborative Planning softwareà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s Management a) Develop growth b) Strategy c) Monitor services d) Level and cost Information System a) Customize Products b) Interact with customer c) Exchange ideas and reports d) Coordinate production with sales Business Solutions Increase customer services Increase revenues Reduce cost Business Challenges Mature Industry Inefficient Process Information System provides help and facts for decision making which support and improves overall decision making process. Information System also improves job performance through out the organization. It also provides help to all level of management. It gives the data and information and helps the management in making strategic decisions. It helps the organization in all activities to monitor, control and distributes information to all employees, customers. Effective Information system gives up-to-date presentation formats and time frames required by all management levels. Information System can be maintained manual or automated or both combine. Effective deliveries of an organization products and services are supported by Information system. These systems be accessible and used at all level of management and organization. Information System is also helpful in over all risk management strategy. Information system also help the organization to keep control, measure, monitor, recognize and manages all the activates, risk and Limits. Risk Management has four key elements. Policies or practices. Operational Processes Staff Management. Feed back Devices. Information system should be both operational and informational. So that management can use it to measure performance, manage resources and help organization with regulatory requirements. Information system also used to provide effective risk control which helps to maintain proper management and minimize risk through the organization. it also help the organization to make new policies help in practicing these policies provide up to date information in all operational process also help in making assignments duties and responsibilities for staff and managers. Data used in organization come from many finical records and transaction systems and proper control procedures must be setup to help in gathering relevant data and also help in correction of data. Information system organized and the data is gathered from different equipments i.e mainframes, microcomputer, minicomputer. Processing control help the system on smaller computer and pre defined and also effective as those commonly found on the larger mainframe system. The OCC fully endorses and supports placing these principles in writing to improve effective communications throughout the organization. Improving Weakness of Information System Risk. 1.2) Key Elements of Information System: To work properly and effectively the five key elements should be checked and functioned are: time lines, accuracy, consistency, completeness and relevance. Timeliness: Information system should be capable of providing distributing information to right users. Information system is capable of providing short and long reports of information. Information system also helps in processing, collecting and producing results from data. It also help in making correction, adjustments in errors found in data. Accuracy: Information System provides control checks in editing balancing. All the external internal audit programs done by organization provides the adequacy of internal control. Consistency: All the data should be process consistently and uniformly. Variations in data be collected and reported to information analyst. Because data collection and reporting process change over time management must establish procedures to allow systems changes. All the procedures should be documented, willdefind and clearly communicated to all related employees and should include proper effective monitoring system. Completeness: All the data and information provided by information system to management level should be complete and checked by all accepts. Relevance: All the information must be relevant to organization objectives and strategies. Information that is unnecessary or too detailed should be sorted out. 2) Information System as Bridge: Information system provides us bridge between management information science and computer science. Computer science provides information technology software. Information system brings all human activities and information technology to one place and it provides communication link between these two worlds. The system well serves the people and organization by using all the IT capabilities. To run this system properly it requires specialist people having knowledge of both computer world and organization and the people who using these systems. All the system should work with in the contexts of organization, management and the information society. To build a bridge like this between the information organization and people we need skills in programming, computer architecture and networks. Also we need techniques for information system analysis design by using all advance data base design methods and related professional and legal knowledge. 3) Level Types of Information Systems: Every business has different information system needs. It also depends upon different levels in organization. Three key information systems are Transaction processing system Management Information System Decision Support Systems The importance of information is different on different level of management. The information can categorise as strategic, managerial and operational information. The information used by senior management for decision making is Strategic information. The lower levels in the organization do not require this information. The information systems that gave information for decision is known as Decision Support Systems. Figure Relation of information systems to levels of organization The information used by the middle line of management is known as managerial information. The information used by middle line management help in making short-term decisions and plans for the organization. Information likes sales analysis or production details for the whole year. Information system is now days the necessity of all organizations to fulfil all the managerial activates. Due to its Importance, most of the big organizations have separate IS departments. Whose duty is to watch the use and proper functioning of the system. For daily and short term information we need third level of information. It help the operational level to carry out day to day operational activates. it also help in attendance record of employees. Information System gives information for processing transaction of the organization, that type of information system is known as Transaction Processing System or Data Processing System. For example information provided by such systems are processing of orders, evaluating overdue purchaser orders of marketing and sales departments.. 3. a) Transaction Processing Systems: Transaction Processing System the organization in there business transaction process. Any activity of the organizations can be called Transaction. Every organization has different transaction. For example, take a airline reservation system. Booking, cancelling, etc are all transactions. However, there are some transactions, which are common to almost all organizations. These include calculation, storage and retrieval. Speed and accuracy, can be achieved by TPS and can be programmed to follow routines functions of the organization. 3. b) Information System: Management takes help in solving problems and making decisions from it. They use transaction processing information and all relevant information also. It process queries as quickly as they arrive. An important element of IS is database. A database is a collection of data items that can be processed through application programs and available to many users. 3. c) Decision Support System: These systems help senior management in making long term decisions. With the help of this systems we can handle unstructured or semi structured both decisions. A decision will be unstructured if there are no clear procedures for making the decision. A decision support system must be easy to operate and also it should be flexible for all users so that they can produce reports by giving data and it should be format according to the situation explained. 4) Level of Management System: 4 .a) Operational-level Management System: This system helps the operational managers by keeping track of the all necessary activities and transactions of the organization. This system is answerable for the routine questions. It provides help in sales, receipts, cash deposits, payroll, credit decisions, and flow of materials. 4 .b) Knowledge-level Management System: Support knowledge and data workers in an organisation. The reason of these systems is to help the organisation discover, organise and integrate new and existing knowledge in to the business, and to help control the flow of paperwork. These systems, especially in the form of collaboration tools, workstations, and office systems, are the fastest growing applications in business today. 4 .c) Management-level Systems: At this level it helps in monitoring, controlling, decision-making, and administrative activities of middle managers. We can get periodic reports rather then information on operation. it also helps in non-routine decision-making, focusing on less-structured decisions for which information requirements are not always clear. 4 .d) Strategic-level Management System: Help senior management how to keep control and tack actions on strategic issues and long-term trends, wither it in the organization or related to external environment. Main reason is to use organisational capability with the changes, and opportunities, occurring in the medium to long term in the external environment. An organisation must have operational, knowledge, management and strategic level systems for each functional area within the organisation. This would be based on the management model adopted by the organisation, so, while the most commonly-adopted systems structure would simply follow the standard functional model, structures reflecting bureaucratic, product and matrix models are also possible. As identified before, enterprise level information systems attempt to encompass the whole organisation in one system. Type of systems Executive support System (ESS) Strategic- Level System 5 years Sales trend forecasting 5 years Operation Plan 5 years Budget forecasting Profit Planning Man power Planning Management Information system (MIS) Decision Support System (DSS) Management Level System Sales Management Inventory control Annual Budgeting Capital investment Analysis Relocation analysis Salas region Analysis Production Scheduling Cost analysis Pricing/Profitability Analysis Contract cost Analysing Knowledge work system (KWS) Office Automation System (OAS) Knowledge Level System Engineering Workstation Graphic work station Managerial Workstation Word Processing Document Imaging Electronic Calendar Transaction processing System (TPS) Operation Level System Machine Control Security Trading Payroll Compensation Order Tracking Plant Scheduling Acc Payable Training Development Order Processing Material Movement Control Cash Management Acc Receivable Employee record Keeping Sales marketing Manufacturing Finance Accounting Human Resource Characteristic Of Information Processing System Type of System Information Inputs Processing Information Outputs Users ESS Aggregate data: Internal, external Graphics; simulations; interactive Projections; responses to queries Senior managers DSS Low Volume data or massive database optimised for data analysis; analytic models and data tools Interactive; simulations, analysis Special reports; decision analysis response to queries Professionals; staff Manager MIS Summary transaction data; high-volume data; simple models Routine reports; Simple models; low-level analysis Summary exception reports Middle managers KWS Design specifications Knowledge base Modelling; simulations Models; graphics Professionals Technical staff OAS Documents Schedules |Document management; Scheduling Communication Documents; schedules; mails Clerical Workers TPS Transactions events Sorting; Listing; Merging; Updating Detailed reports; lists; summaries Operations personnel supervisors 5) Working of Management Systems 5.a) Operational-level Management Transaction-Processing Systems: Basic business system Perform daily routine transactions necessary for business functions. All the tasks, resources and goals are highly structured at operational level. Generally, five functional categories are identified, as shown in the diagram. Type of TPS System Sales/Marketing System Manufacturing/Production Systems Finance/Accounting system Human Resource System Other Types(e.g. , University) Major Functions of System Sales Management Market research Promotion Pricing New Products Scheduling Purchasing Shipping/receiving Engineering Operations Budgeting General Ledger Billing Cost accounting Personal records Benefits Compensation Labour relations Training Admissions Grade records Course records Alumni Major application Systems Sales order information system Market research system Pricing system Materials resource Planning systems Purchase order Control Systems Engineering Systems Quality Control System General ledger Acc Receivables/Payable Budgeting Funds management systems Payroll Employee records Benefit system Career Path system Registration System, Student Transcript System, Curriculum Class control System, Alumni benefactor system 5 .b) Knowledge-level Management Office Automation Systems: Targeted at meeting the knowledge needs of data workers within the organisation Data workers tend to process rather than create information. Primarily involved in information use, manipulation or dissemination. Typical OAS handle and manage documents, scheduling and communication. Knowledge Work Systems: Targeted at meeting the knowledge needs of knowledge workers within the organisation In general, knowledge workers hold degree-level professional qualifications (e.g. engineers, scientists, lawyers), their jobs consist primarily in creating new information and knowledge 5 .c) Management-level Systems Management Information Systems: Typically these systems focus entirely on internal events, providing the information for short-term planning and decision making. MIS summarise and report on the basic operations of the organisation, dependent on the underlying TPS for their data. Transaction Processing System Order file Production Master File Accounting File Order processing System Material resource planning system Genera Ledger System Management Information System Manager MIS Files Sales Data Unit Product Cost |Data Product Change Data Expanses Data MIS Report 5 .d) Strategic-level Management Decision-Support Systems: As MIS, these serve the needs of the management level of the organisation Focus on helping managers make decisions that are semi-structured, unique, or rapidly changing, and not easily specified in advance Use internal information from TPS and MIS, but also information from external sources Must provide user-friendly, interactive tools. Fuel consumption cost file Port Expenses File Ship Charter Hire History Cost File Port distance Restriction File Ship File (e.g speed capacity) Analytical Model Data Base PC Graphics Reports Executive Support Information Systems: Serve the strategic level of the organisation It provides generalised computing and communications environment, rather than providing any fixed application or specific capability. Such systems are not designed to solve specific problems, but to tackle a changing array of problems It is structured to incorporate data about external events, such as new tax laws or competitors, and also draw summarised information from internal MIS and DSS These systems filter, compress, and track critical data, emphasising the reduction of time and effort required to obtain information useful to executive management It employ advanced graphics software to provide highly visual and easy-to-use representations of complex information and current trends, but they tend not to provide analytical models Knowledge System (KW|S OAS) Management System (MIS) Transaction Processing System (TPS) Management System (DSS) Executive Support System (ESS) Inter-relationships and inter-dependencies between IS types Success Story of one of organization (Air Asia) Using Information System Air Asia Airline Company that entered a formerly hunting market with great success. Ticket less travel Automation with IT Reduced costs Improved service Air Asia developed open skies software to automate ticket handling to Avoids travel agents and their fees Uses reservation agents who work from home using VoIP Encourages internet flight booking by customers Maintenance information system used to log airplane parts and time cycles for replacement Air Asia used innovative technique for routing airplanes Does not use hub and spokes method only point to point. Takes most profitable route between cities. Keeping flight manuals on laptop computers allows for paperless cockpits. Saves pre-flight time associated with calculating weight of plane (annual savings of 4800 hours). Information System Helps Air Asia offer Better Services. Safety First: Partnering with worldà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s most renowned maintenance providers and complying with the world airline operations. High Aircraft Utilization: Implementing the regions fastest turn around time at only 25 minutes, assuring lower costs and higher productivity. Low Fare, No Frills: Providing guests with the choice of customizing services without compromising on quality and services. Streamline operations: Making sure that processes are as simple as possible. Point-to-Point Network: Applying the point-to-point network keeps operations simple and cost low. 7) Conclusions: Every organization run on it strategies. And strategies make by management on the basis of the information they have. So I think if the organization have strong information system and it have up-to-date information then the strategies which they are going to make for future will be perfect and it will gave the organization competitive edge in market and on it competitors

Good Vs. Evil - Analytical Sentence Outline Essay -- essays research p

Theme: Good and Evil Create a SocietyParagraph 1:CENTRAL IDEA: Conflicts heavily arise between the two topics of good and evil. THESIS SENTENCE: Through common stories good and evil are portrayed through both protagonist and antagonist view, creating morals and opinions, and how societies views have changed over time. Paragraph 2:TOPIC SENTENCE: Common stories portray good and evil through both a protagonist and antagonist view.Paragraph 3: TOPIC SENTENCE: Significant morals and opinions are shown in stories made up of good and evil.Paragraph 4: TOPIC SENTENCE: Societies views have changes over time by the reality brought out in good and evil.Paragraph 5: CONCLUSION: Good and evil represented the two different thoughts that occur through the mind of people during their extensive lifetime.Conflicts heavily arise between the two topics of good and evil. These conflicts can be extremely realistic or notably exaggerated. They both represent two powers that involve different emotions wit hin your heart. Through common stories, good and evil are portrayed through protagonist and antagonist view, creating morals and opinions, and how society's views have changed over time. Common stories portray good and evil through a protagonist and antagonist view. The first thing I think of when I hear â€Å"good vs. evil† would be a fairy tale. As in most fairy tales, there is always a good guy and a bad guy. An example of this kind of story would be Beowulf, where as Beowulf is the protagonist ...

The Banana Wars Case

1. If you were a member of the Organization of American States and its Permanent Council, with which one would you side? First of all, it depends on your vision of the problem. As for me, I can see two different approaches to this problem: * Economics; * Social. If you will take first approach into consideration, you have to choose Latin American countries, because they were discriminated by EU during long period of time. They had a quota of 2. 2 million tons with a tariff for all banana ($1,150 per ton) and former colonies had a preferential access to the EU market.Moreover, the unit-cost of production in the Caribbean is nearly 2. 5 times what it is for Latin American producers, so their product is much cheaper and easily to produce. As for social approach to this problem, you should choose the Caribbean countries, because banana exports are the mainstay of their economies, so they won’t win the competition of Latin American countries and their economies will fall down. Econ omics falls will affect lives of people in these countries, so in social approach you have to choose their side. 2. Given the WTO’s decision, what are the alternatives for the EU and the Caribbean banana growers?As for EU, they will have cheaper price for banana in their countries. But if there is a local producer inside the country, he won’t survive in this competition with Latin American countries. Taking into consideration Caribbean banana growers, their future is not very optimistic, because their banana export will continue to decline due to Latin American competition, so their workforce will seek for a new job. But mainly all of those who will lose a job won’t find a new one, because in Caribbean countries banana exports are the mainstay of their economies.So they should concentrate more on tourism, rather than banana’s export, because, as it was said in the case, the minister of tourism estimated that every acre of land used for tourism is three ti mes as profitable as one used for growing bananas. These steps will create more jobs for native people and will improve economic situation in these countries. 3. What types of strategic moves will an international marketing manager of Latin American banana exporter make? Well, first of all, he should improve export to EU after WTO’s agreement, because they have fewer tariffs, so they can compete with Caribbean countries.So, he should make some advertising in EU countries in order to win the competition and decide what amount of bananas he should exports to EU markets. Moreover, he should find out about European’s attitude to bananas from Latin American countries. If it is not good enough, he should make some things in order to improve this attitude, such as: * He should show the good quality of his product; * He should show that during the process of gathering and delivering bananas, they follow health-code standards; * He should promote this product in EU markets; * A nd so on.

How to Design Your Educational Philosophy

While going through their own education, teachers are tasked with developing an educational philosophy, which is a teachers personal statement detailing her guiding principles about such education-related issues as how students learn best, as well as the role of educators in the classroom, school, community, and society. The educational philosophy statement is an essential document because it conveys your most personal thoughts and beliefs on education. This philosophy serves an important role in the lives of many educators and can be a tool to help you not only craft your teachings but also help you find a job and further your career. Educational Philosophy Basics An educational philosophy refers to a teachers vision of the grander purpose of education and its role in society.Educational philosophy questions involve such issues as a teachers vision of her role as a teacher, her view of how students learn best, and her basic goals for her students.An educational philosophy should guide a teachers discussions in job interviews, and it should be communicated to students and their parents. Questions to Consider When writing your educational philosophy statement, think about not just your classroom management style but also your beliefs on education. From differentiated learning and teaching styles to the role of the teacher in the classroom, consider the following questions to help you frame your philosophy. Suggested answers follow each question. What do you believe is the grander purpose of education in a society and community? You might answer that you believe education is a pivotal driver of change, advancement, and equality in society.What, specifically, is the role of the teacher in the classroom? The role of a teacher is to use  classroom instruction  and presentations to help students learn and apply concepts in math, English, and science.How do you believe students learn best? Students learn best in a warm and supportive environment where they feel the teacher truly cares about them and their success.In general, what are your goals for your students? A teachers primary goals are to help students figure out who they are and how they can be of service to their community.  What qualities do you believe an effective teacher should have? An effective teacher needs to have a basic sociocultural awareness of and acceptance of his own and others cultural identities.Do you believe that all students can learn? A good teac her certainly believes that each student can learn; the key is understanding what educational methods work best for each student and then catering instruction to each students individual needs.What do teachers owe their students? Teachers owe passion to their students—a passion for the subjects they teach, their instruction, and a desire to help students succeed.What is your overall goal as a teacher? The overall goal for a teacher is multifaceted: to make learning fun and inspire students to find a love of learning; to create an organized classroom; to ensure that expectations are clear and grading is fair, and to incorporate the best available teaching strategies.How do you create an inclusive learning environment? Students come from a variety of socioeconomic and demographic backgrounds and can vary greatly in cognitive ability and learning styles. A teacher needs to strive to incorporate instructional methods that consider all of the varied backgrounds and learning abilit ies of students.How do you incorporate new techniques, activities, and types of learning into your teaching? A teacher should stay abreast of the latest educational research and incorporate best-practice methods into his instructional methods and strategies. (Best practice refers to existing practices that possess a high level of widely agreed effectiveness.) Your educational philosophy can guide your discussions in job interviews, be placed in a teaching portfolio, and even be communicated to students and their parents. Many schools use these statements to find teachers and administrators whose approach to education aligns with the schools mission and philosophies. However, dont craft a statement that you think the school wants to read; craft an educational philosophy statement that represents who you are as an educator. Schools want you to be genuine in your approach. Sample Educational Philosophy Statement A full philosophy statement should include an introductory paragraph, along with at least four additional paragraphs; it is essentially an essay. The introductory paragraph states the authors point of view, while the other paragraphs discuss the kind of classroom the author would like to provide, the teaching style the author would like to use, the way the author would facilitate learning so that students are engaged, and the authors overall goal as a teacher. The body of your educational philosophy statement might include a statement like this: I believe that a teacher is morally obligated to enter the classroom with only the highest of expectations for each and every one of her students. Thus, the teacher maximizes the positive benefits that naturally come along with any self-fulfilling prophecy; with dedication, perseverance, and hard work, her students will rise to the occasion. I aim to bring an open mind, a positive attitude, and high expectations to the classroom each day. I believe that I owe it to my students, as well as the community, to bring consistency, diligence, and warmth to my job in the hope that I can ultimately inspire and encourage such traits in the children as well. The Evolution of Your Educational Philosophy Statement You may actually change your educational philosophy statement throughout your career. Updating your educational philosophy is important to ensure that it will always reflect your current opinion on education. You can use this tool to stay focused on your goals, keep yourself moving forward, and stay true to who you are as an educator.

10 Recently Extinct Marsupials

Relation Among Agriculture, Trade and Industry - 1540 Words

Relation among Agriculture, Trade and Industry: Many industries running in Nepal are based on agriculture. Such industries are dependent on the raw materials that come from agriculture sector. The examples are sugar industry from sugarcane, jute industry from jute, cotton factory from cotton, leather industry from animal skin, tea factory from tea leaves, etc. To run these industries, raw materials are made available from the agriculture sector. Agriculture tools like spade, plough, etc are produced in the industries. Increased production in agriculture is made possible by the use of these tools. Other items including chemical fertilizers and insecticides are made available by industries. We can have increased agriculture production†¦show more content†¦Impact of climate change on agriculture Studies on the likely impact of global warming on agriculture differ in their conclusions, and there is a great deal of uncertainty about the localised impacts. Most recent studies point to the likelihood of small but beneficial impacts on cereal crop yields in middle-high latitude temperate zones, due to small temperature increases (1-2  °C). These positive effects would, however, be followed by subsequent losses as temperatures increase. There is a consensus that low latitude, tropical zones are most negatively affected, since they are already experiencing temperatures at levels that are close to or beyond a threshold at which further increases will reduce rather than increase agricultural yields. Not only are temperatures higher in low-latitude countries, but these countries have less capacity to adapt (i.e., increase irrigation) and derive a larger percentage of their GDP from agriculture. Beyond warming, climate change is projected to increase the frequency and severity of extreme climate events (i.e., droughts, floods), which will impact agricultural production and food security. Elevated CO2 levels can lead to positive crop responses, but these are considered to be lower than previously thought. Agriculture can play an important mitigating role. While most human-induced GHG emissions derive from the use of fossil fuels, one third of the total comes from land useShow MoreRelatedHas the Development of Human Resource Management Practices Replaced the Need for Trade Unions? Discuss.1672 Words   |  7 PagesTrade unions have been a central part of the Australian workplace. The workplace however has changed over the past two decades and it is possible that the role of trade unions within the workplace has been replaced by the introduction of Human Resource Management (HRM) practices. As stated by Leigh, 2005 â€Å"from 1914 until 1980, at least two in five workers were members of a union† and unionism was therefore for the most part the dominant approach, in terms of employment relations. 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Impacts of slavery in the caribbean free essay sample

How did the African slavery impact the Caribbean region Introduction When the Europeans switched from tobacco to sugar cultivation, the plantation needed more lands and more labour. The labour present came from the Tainos, whose population decreased from abuse, and could not meet the labour demands. The Europeans brought free labourers from Europe, but they could not be forced to work under the conditions demanded by the encomenderos. The church suggested the use of enslaving Africans to replace the fast dying Taino population. The Africans faced tremendous abuse. They were captured in tribal wars or raids on villages. The conditions of the middle passage were deplorable. On arrival in the West Indies the African were in inhumane state both physically and mentally. The healthier looking slaves were cleaned and sold, the rejects were left to survive on their own. On the plantation they were allowed one day off, they had little to eat and they did not have many clothes to wear. They were beaten with whips for punishment, which caused the slaves to revolt against the whites. The Caribbean had both negative and positive impact as a result of African slavery. Negatively it causes discrimination between races, the revolt cause damage to buildings and many lives were lost. Some Europeans did not agree with African slavery, and there were anti-slavery groups Quakers and the Clapham Sect and humanitarians were also involved. The positive impact; The Africans brought their religion, agriculture and culture to the Caribbean. Chapter 1 In the 16th century, tobacco cultivation was the chief crop in the Caribbean dominating the European market. Tobacco prices were declining in the Caribbean, as a result of competition from Virginia tobacco. By 1627, Virginia was able to ship nearly 00 000 lbs of tobacco to Europe in one year while in 1628 St Kitts and Barbados were only 100 000 lbs. Virginia had the advantage of size and quality. The demand for West Indians tobacco fell, and the output was not so rapid. The quality was also inferior, so prices fell and small farmers went out of business. In Europe, there was a rising demand for sugar, coffee and tea, with popularity were increasing and they needed sugar as a sweetener for their drinks. Sugar had to be grown in a tropical or sub-tropical climate and the West Indian islands were favorably situated for its growth. A transatlantic voyage made the West Indies accessible to the European market. Sugar had more demands than tobacco; it required a larger estate and more capital which small planters of the Eastern Caribbean didnt have. The change from tobacco to sugar caused a labour problem. Sugar cultivation and manufacture needed a vast amount of unskilled, manual labour which could not be provided by indigenous Taino but they didnt last long due to the ill treatments from the Europeans. Many Taino were killed for sports. They were hunted by dogs and horses and some Spanish horsemen galloped at the Taino using their swords as lances to ee if they could run their swords through the body and out the other side. They would cut a Taino head off at one stroke and also dropped their babies over cliffs or drown them. Some of the Tainos committed suicide and practice infanticide. By the end of the 16th century, the Taino were a people of the past and thus the shortage of labourers for sugar cultivation. The settlers thought about bringing in indenture servants from Europe. They brought them in large numbers, but these labourers were not able to work under the conditions and many died from diseases, under ourishment or ill treatment. Between 1520 and 1530, the church suggested the use of enslaving African to replace the fast dying Taino. The churches helped develop the racist argument that the Africans were not native subjects of the crown, but were subject of the called barbaric and heathen kings. So the crown saw no moral or ethical reason why Africans shouldnt be imported. African slavery was already used in Spanish society, so this system could very easily be extended to the Caribbean. Africans were cheaper and the money which procured a white mans service for ten ears could buy a Negro for life and Africans were available in huge numbers. West Africa was closer to the Caribbean than Europe and the ocean crossing between the two entities made easy by the trade winds which blew east to west. Africans were already accustomed to slavery in West Africa before the Europeans intervened. Slavery was used for people who had debt, as a punishment for crime, for sacrifice purposes, and in certain forms of marriage, enemies taken as prisoners and sacrificed. Africans were also accustomed to agricultural labour in a tropical climate. Chapter 2 The European stayed at the factories and forts while raiding was done by Africans from forest states like Oyo, Benin, Dahmey and Asante. Boys and men between the ages of sixteen and forty were sought. The women, children and the old people were left behind to do hard work. Those captured were marched to the coast, chained together by ankles and neck. The slaves were carried to quarters called barracoons where they were stripped naked and put into groups. The rejects were either too old or had venereal disease. The healthier ones were branded on the chest with a red ot iron signifying the country which was buying the slave. The worst conditions the Africans faced were the Middle Passage. Mutinies, brutal treatments and suicides were common on slave ships than on other vessels and greater restriction. Roughly a ship of 100 tons could carry 100 slaves however the ratio changed a ship of 90 tons carried 390 slaves. Each slave was allowed five and a half feet in length by sixteen inches in breath. They were branded and chained two by two ,right leg and left leg, right hand and left hand. The stench below deck was intolerable. Buckets of water ere thrown over the slaves as they lay to wash away the excrements. Slaves suffered from infections from lying in dirt. Some died or were thrown overboard. Ships sank or were lost in storms and slaves died. For example the George ship, lost 84 percent of the 594 slaves from the length of voyage and badness of weather. Slaves also rebelled, by commit suicide and taking over ships, killing the crew members and rates among slaves during the middle passage were extremely high. After crossing the Atlantic, the slaves were in terrible conditions, both physically and mentally. They ere hardly in any condition to be sold. Before being offered for sale, they were cleaned up and inspected. Prices were set with the agreement of buyers then sold in the process of scrambling. The slaves were assembled in groups of males and females and at the firing of the gun buyers rushed on board in order to seize all they wanted. This terrified the slaves, causing some slaves to leap overboard in alarm. Slaves who were not sold, either because of diseases or Just refused, were sold at public auction or abandoned to die on the waterfront. On the plantation slaves were given a regular schedule. They worked from 5 am- 8am,9am-12pm, and 1 pm- 6pm. They didnt have much to wear and were beaten with whips for being slow, running away are disobeying the planters. The whites provided hospitals and doctors to check up on a regular basis, but slaves were affected by a range of diseases and infections, which European medicine was largely ineffective. Women healer provided cures using natural remedies which were unknown to the doctors. While working on the plantation, slaves sang song to mock the masters. They were allowed Christmas off and (weekend in Jamaica). They sang, dance and played instruments or performed akes. Planter regarded their music as noisy and inferior. Years passed and the treatments of slaves were worst. Slaves rebelled to defeat the slave system by using various kinds of passive resistance: Slow working and malingering Pretending ignorance Deliberate carelessness Pretended to be ill Damaging and destroying the owners property, burning the mills and ripe cane. Maiming and killing of livestock. There were a lot of slave revolts. This affected nearly all the islands and mainland territories. The revolts threaten the whole white community and also many slaves died or were punished. There was a spread of slave revolts throughout the Caribbean some examples are as follow: In Barbados, in 1816, sixty estate buildings were destroyed and canfields set on fire. However, slaves had to pay the consequences of their actions, and one hundred slaves were killed by soldiers while forty-four were executed. In the Jamaica revolt in 1831, slaves destroyed property. Fifteen whites were killed however the troops arrived and some slaves surrendered, four hundred slaves were killed, one hundred were executed and another one hundred were flogged. In the 1823 revolt in Demerara, 30 000 slaves were involved, o violence was offered to any of the whites but rebels were hunted down by armed troops with much bloodshed. Over 100 slaves were killed or executed. Many were flogged or sentenced to hard labour in chains for life. The revolt failed, because the authorities had superior arms and forces. Slaves had no military training and could not use firearm even if available. Chapter 3 African slavery has impacted the Caribbean Islands negatively. The Caribbean was affected socially and economically. slavery. Whites were free and blacks were slaves. Blacks were discriminated against and were treated inhumanly. After slavery, there was still discrimination among blacks example the Morant Bay rebellion where blacks wages were being cut and they starved and suffered from diseases. People were classed by their colour skin, whites on top, to blacks at the bottom. Overall the social consequences of emigration on a scale were negative. Countries were deprived of their most progressive and ambitious people. Emigration also created an imbalance between the sexes. More men than women left behind, and it had a marked effect on the lives of children. By 1960, there were about 250 000 children in Britain. The care of children by grandparents, which had long been a feature of West Indian life increasing accordingly. Slave revolts cause an economic crisis to the Caribbean Islands. Slaves destroyed factories and plantation and it was expensive for the planters to replace the equipments and fix the damages. These also caused a decline in sugar production in the islands and a fall in export. After slave revolts it encourage anti- slavery groups e. g. Quakers, Clapham Sect, who defended slave and their rights as humans. The anti slave groups in British were made up of Christian and they focus n the religious aspect of why slavery was wrong in the eyes of God and the rights of man. This further led Emancipation of slaves, now that slaves where free they were not prepared to go back to the plantation. Those who went back on the plantation were willing to work but had to be paid wages, because of lack of labour there were little production and poor quality of sugar and the price of sugar fell ,wages were cut and the sugar plantation was in an economic crisis. This cause many islands to change from sugar to other alternative crop to survive from their crisis. African slavery has impacted the Caribbean region positively, Africans and Europeans brought their culture, religion and agriculture. Some cultures of the culture left behind are: Burying of the navel string, when a child was born the placenta and navel strings were carefully disposed of. The mother had to guard it carefully and after three days to a year from the time of birth, must bury it in the ground and plant a young tree over the spot, which hence forth become the property of the child and is called is navel string tree. The African slaves brought their own music from West Africa. The drum rhythms were retained in the memories of slaves, although there was little opportunity to perform them and there were few proper instruments. Evening and Sundays were the chief occasions for the slaves to recall their tribal musical traditions. The beats and rhythms of Africa proved more able to survive slavery than language and other tribal customs. Caribbean rhythms rely heavily on percussion instruments which are part of their African tradition examples are: Drums, Xylophones, Claves, Clappers, Rattles, Scrapes, Thumb pianos. However Europeans instruments such as guitar, larinet and saxophone. Of all the musical forms in the Caribbean, the calypso best illustrates the blending of African and European traditions. estivals of the British West Indian fell into one of the three categories. These were the carnivals that took place in the period leading up to lent, the sport or Jonkonnu celebrations which took place around Christmas, and religious festivals that were introduced by Indian Indentured workers. Some slave learned enough broken English to be able to communicate with whites but retained to their original language. Some languages were Kweyol, which epresents a fusion of African and French. It is spoken in -the French Antilles (Haiti, Martinique, Guadeloupe, St. Lucia, Dominica, and French Guiana in South America). In the English colonies, a fusion of African and English led to patios. In the Dutch Antilles, the fusion of African and Dutch is called Papliemento. There are many types of religion found in the Caribbean after slavery. The Europeans brought their religions, the Catholic, Anglican, Methodist and more. While the African brought their religion from Africa, the Shango found in Trinidad, Kumina and Pocomania found in Jamaica, Orisha, Spiritual Baptists and Obeah. The slaves continued their tradition of tilling their own provision grounds and some the crops were used as alternative crop for sugar. They cultivated ackee, okra, blackeye peas, yam, millet and sorghum, which were grown in West African as well as edoes, coffee, cacao, plantains, spice, rice, bananas and potatoes. In the Caribbean many alternative crops are still present in the island sugar in Barbados, banana in St. Vincent and the grenadines, and spice in Grenade. African slaves ladies normally wrap the head with cloths wore long skirts or long ress, African enslaved and freed women used their fashion and style of dress as a symbol of resistance to slavery and accommodation to white culture in pre- and post- emancipation society. This study has shown the reader that African slavery were better labour force to the sugar cultivation because they were cheaper ,they were already accustomed to the tropical climate permanent and in large amount and could be transported cheaply across the Atlantic. The conditions of the slaves were deplorable on the middle passage they were treated inhumanly in the middle passage and on the plantation. It also sought to show whites discriminated against the blacks, fed them little, over work them, separated them from their families and ill treated them. The system of slavery changed the Caribbean region entirely. Slavery affected us negatively and positively. In the system of slavery many people loss their life fighting for freedom and equality, due to slavery people are standing up for their rights. Today slavery brought to the Caribbean different type of people, religions, culture, and agriculture. Slavery changed the Caribbean economically and socially.